如對(duì)公車私用的會(huì)只允許扣除部分費(fèi)用或公務(wù)宴請(qǐng)本企業(yè)參加者需承擔(dān)部分費(fèi)用等辦法限制個(gè)人消費(fèi)在企業(yè)所得稅稅前扣除。是否對(duì)個(gè)人消費(fèi)加收個(gè)人所得稅?
|2015/05/12 16:38
寫(xiě)個(gè)英國(guó)回答。 沒(méi)有做過(guò)英國(guó)稅法實(shí)務(wù),所以我就根據(jù)倫敦政經(jīng)和劍橋所學(xué)英國(guó)稅法和比較公司稅法,以及法條,來(lái)回答下。(歡迎英國(guó)做稅法實(shí)務(wù)的專業(yè)人士進(jìn)行實(shí)務(wù)的更正與補(bǔ)充)
1.國(guó)外的企業(yè)所得稅對(duì)個(gè)人消費(fèi)在扣除上有沒(méi)有什么限制條款?
公車私用至少分兩種情形。
一種公車私用,小企業(yè)(尤其一人獨(dú)資企業(yè)),以及個(gè)體工商戶等等,他買(mǎi)了個(gè)豪車、乘用車,掛在企業(yè)帳下,抵扣購(gòu)車費(fèi)用以及汽車使用費(fèi)用,性質(zhì)上是公司(一人股東、實(shí)際控制人、股東)將自己的車作公司抵扣。主要適用 Expenditures on vehicles。
根
據(jù)UK INCOME TAX (TRADING AND OTHER INCOME) ACT 2005 (ITTOIA
2005),94D-94G,你選擇獲得汽車時(shí)的資本抵扣,之后就不能再選擇汽車使用支出的抵扣;根據(jù)94H-94I,汽車使用支出的抵扣,UK對(duì)把家作
為運(yùn)營(yíng)目的使用,有限制。(意即你從家開(kāi)出去或者回到家的汽油費(fèi)或其他汽車運(yùn)營(yíng)支出抵扣有限額)
一個(gè)月內(nèi)table:
Number of hours worked (wholly and exclusively) applicable amount
25 or more 10 pounds
51 or more 18 pounds
101 or more 26 pounds
premises used both as home and business premises
number of relevant occupants applicable amount
1 350
2 500
3 or more 650
另外一種公車私用,大企業(yè)一直免費(fèi)給員工專車開(kāi),員工公車私用,油錢(qián)也報(bào)銷,可以歸為employee benefit contributions。性質(zhì)上是給員工的利益。
根據(jù) ITTOIA 2005 第38條以及40條,只有下列員工利益之一是可以抵扣的:
1)支出同時(shí)會(huì)引起雇員的個(gè)人所得稅和國(guó)民保險(xiǎn);
2)繳納社保
3) 與雇傭關(guān)系終止有聯(lián)系
4)雇主支持的退休利益
因此,原則上,隱形福利都是不可以抵扣的,當(dāng)然包括公車私用。
那么為了商業(yè)目的的公務(wù)宴請(qǐng),可不可以抵扣?這個(gè)問(wèn)題適用business entertainment and gifts。
ITTOIA 2005 第45條,原則上不允許?!甧ntertainment’ include any kind of hospitality, 包括公務(wù)宴請(qǐng)。
第46條, 有例外:
1:本身就是提供這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的,并且它是為了廣告效應(yīng)免費(fèi)提供,或者在正常的商業(yè)支付范圍內(nèi)(比如餐館剛開(kāi)業(yè),打折或者免費(fèi)來(lái)招攬顧客)
2:這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)只提供給雇員,不提供給其他人,或者提供給其他人的不同。(比如餐館免費(fèi)給雇員吃飯,企業(yè)自辦食堂給員工折扣吃飯,等等)
以此得到結(jié)論,中國(guó)公司形式的宴請(qǐng),除了單位年夜飯,根據(jù)英國(guó)稅法,基本上是不能抵扣的。
2.是否會(huì)同時(shí)計(jì)入個(gè)人收入征收個(gè)人所得稅?
邏
輯上講,允許抵扣的國(guó)家不可能再對(duì)這些消費(fèi)計(jì)征個(gè)人所得稅,這些都允許抵扣了,自然是從寬征收,不可能再出臺(tái)個(gè)更趨嚴(yán)的計(jì)入個(gè)人收入征收個(gè)人所得稅。智商
正常的公司與雇員,看到公款宴請(qǐng)雖然允許抵扣,但是支付數(shù)額還是要征個(gè)人所得稅,就會(huì)選擇拿錢(qián)、拿補(bǔ)貼,再私下宴請(qǐng),減少金額宴請(qǐng),并且更利于公關(guān)、以及
減少其他合規(guī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
不允許抵扣的國(guó)家倒是可能再計(jì)征個(gè)人所得稅,以進(jìn)一步趨嚴(yán)。
英國(guó)與德國(guó)都是有原則上可以對(duì)
hidden profit distribution不允許抵扣并征收個(gè)人所得稅的,如公車私用的第一種情形
【性質(zhì)上是公司(一人股東、實(shí)際控制人、股東)將自己的車作公司抵扣?!?,可以算作資產(chǎn)使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移。但對(duì)于公車私用第二種情形,員工福利性質(zhì),就是大部分
做公車使用,私人有時(shí)候使用,以及公務(wù)宴請(qǐng)員工參加等等,由于不是股東,不適用hidden profit distribution,
我沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這兩項(xiàng)對(duì)員工個(gè)人征收個(gè)人所得稅的,也不知道如何操作?公務(wù)宴請(qǐng)前代扣代繳?(希望知道的人補(bǔ)充。)問(wèn)題是征稅成本太大吧。
3.
公務(wù)員的公車私用與公務(wù)宴請(qǐng),完全無(wú)法用稅務(wù)手段限制。
國(guó)企的公車私用與公務(wù)宴請(qǐng),不得抵扣是基本沒(méi)用的,人家根本不怎么care國(guó)有資產(chǎn)是否盈利;征個(gè)人所得稅作用有限,讓你付個(gè)個(gè)人所得稅稅率的成本吃頓大餐、開(kāi)個(gè)豪車,很多人有機(jī)會(huì)還是會(huì)上。
最后的作用全都落在民企與外企頭上,出去談客戶吃個(gè)飯不能抵扣,還要征收個(gè)人所得稅,那么民企外企的營(yíng)運(yùn)和商業(yè)成本大增。
對(duì)于民企和外企而言,面對(duì)激烈市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),如果不能以自身盈利支付商業(yè)宴請(qǐng)、員工的福利,并且沒(méi)有商業(yè)必要的話,那么它就不會(huì)做,會(huì)做的都會(huì)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)出局,不覺(jué)得目前有必要進(jìn)一步趨嚴(yán)限制民企和外企的公務(wù)宴請(qǐng)和員工福利。政策純效果,就是增加營(yíng)運(yùn)和商業(yè)成本。
公車私用與公務(wù)宴請(qǐng)的針對(duì)重點(diǎn)沒(méi)受什么限制,反倒是商業(yè)活動(dòng)深受影響。
八項(xiàng)禁令現(xiàn)在搞了2年,還是卓有成效的。就達(dá)到限制我國(guó)的公車私用與公務(wù)宴請(qǐng)這一政策目標(biāo)而言,八項(xiàng)禁令的政策選項(xiàng)更為適合。
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Hidden profit distributions
Sec. 8(3), 2nd sentence of the CITL (Corporate Income Tax Law) provides that "hidden profit distributions (verdeckte
Gewinnausschüttung) shall not reduce the income of a corporation".
There are four
requirements for the assumption of a hidden profit distribution, all of which must be met:
- the assets of the corporation were reduced or the increase of the company's assets was prevented;
- this was caused by the corporation-shareholder relationship (this is the case if a third party (a non-shareholder)
- by applying sound business principles - would not have agreed to the conditions of the transaction if he had dealt with the company);
- this decrease or prevented increase reduced the income of the corporation; and - this decrease or prevented increase was not based on a regular profit distribution resolution under company law.
Excessive interest and royalty payments to shareholders or their affiliates (i.e. to the extent
that the interest rate charged exceeds the market rate for a similar loan or the royalty charged
exceeds the market price for a similar agreement) are treated as non-deductible hidden profit
distributions (i.e. the tax base of the distributing company is increased by the value of the
benefit, which triggers an additional corporation tax of 25% on the benefit (increased to
26.38% by the 5.5% solidarity surcharge).
Hidden capital contributions
The rules governing hidden capital contributions (verdeckte Einlage) are found in Sec. 4(1) of
the ITL in conjunction with Sec. 8(1) of the CITL. A hidden capital contribution can be
assumed if a shareholder or a related party of the shareholder makes a contribution to the
corporation without proper consideration and the reason for this contribution can only be
found in the shareholder relationship. This is the case if a third party (a non-shareholder) - by
applying sound business principles - would not have agreed to the conditions of the
transaction if he had dealt with the company.
In the case of a hidden capital contribution, the income of the parties to the transaction must
be adjusted accordingly, that is, on the side of the parent company the book value (acquisition
costs adjusted by subsequent write-downs or additions) of the German parent's holding in the
subsidiary is increased by an addition to this particular balance sheet entry. The amount of
this increase corresponds to the income adjustment. The resulting increase in the
shareholder's equity automatically results in correspondingly higher taxable income.